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1.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 49(4): 332-338, Dec. 2017. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-958015

ABSTRACT

Background: Latent tuberculosis has been associated with the persistence of dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the organism of infected individuals, who are reservoirs of the bacilli and the source for spreading the disease in the community. New active anti-TB drugs exerting their metabolic action at different stages and on latent/dormant bacilli are urgently required to avoid endogenous reactivations and to be part of treatments of multi- and extensively-drug resistant tuberculosis (M/XDR-TB). It was previously reported that azole drugs are active against M. tuberculosis. For that reason, the aims of this study were to determine the in vitro activity of azole drugs, imidazole (clotrimazole, CLO and econazole, ECO) and nitroimidazole (metronidazole, MZ and ipronidazole, IPZ), against a collection of MDR M. tuberculosis clinical isolates; and to analyze their potential use in both the LTB and the active forms of M/XDR-TB treatments. Methods: A total of 55 MDR M. tuberculosis isolates and H37Rv were included. MZ and IPZ activity against M. tuberculosis isolates were tested using anaerobic culture conditions. The activity of ECO and CLO was measured by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a microdilution colorimetric method. Results: MZ and IPZ showed bacteriostatic activity against M. tuberculosis strains. MIC5o and MIC90 to ECO was 4.0 µg/ml, while MIC50 to CLO was 4.0 µg/ml and MIC90 was 8.0 µg/ml respectively. Conclusion: All azole compounds tested in the study showed inhibitory activity against MDR M. tuberculosis clinical isolates.


Introducción: La tuberculosis (TB) latente ha sido asociada a la persistencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis durmientes en el organismo de las personas infectadas, las cuales constituyen un reservorio del bacilo y una fuente de diseminación de la enfermedad en la comunidad. Urge la necesidad de contar con nuevos fármacos antituberculosos con acción sobre el bacilo en estado latente/durmiente, a fin de evitar reactivaciones endógenas y para ser incluidas en el tratamiento de la TB multirresistente y extensivamente resistente (M/XDR-TB). Se ha reportado que los azoles son activos contra M. tuberculosis. Por esta razón, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron determinar la actividad in vitro sobre aislamientos clínicos de M/XDR-TB de distintos azoles, incluyendo los imidazoles econazol (ECO) y clotrimazol (CLO) y los 5-nitro-imidazoles ipronidazol (IPZ) y metronidazol (MZ), así como analizar su potencial uso contra las formas latente y activa de esta enfermedad. Métodos: Fueron incluidos 55 aislamientos clínicos de M. tuberculosis MDR y la cepa de referencia H37Rv. Se evaluó la actividad del MZ y el IPZ sobre los aislamientos en condiciones de cultivo anaeróbico, mientras que la actividad del ECO y el CLO fue estimada determinando la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) mediante el método colorimétrico de microdilución en placa. Resultados: El MZ y el IPZ presentaron actividad bacteriostática frente a las cepas de M. tuberculosis. La CIM50 y CIM90 del ECO fue de 4 µg/ml, mientras que el CLO presentó una CIM50 de 4 µg/ml y una CIM90 de 8 µg/ml. Conclusión: Todos los compuestos azólicos evaluados presentaron actividad inhibitoria frente a aislamientos clínicos de M. tuberculosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Azoles , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Antitubercular Agents , Azoles/pharmacology , Tuberculosis , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology
2.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 109(2): 236-245, abr. 2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-705811

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB), a disease that affects approximately 5% of Argentinean cattle. Among the molecular methods for genotyping, the most convenient are spoligotyping and variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR). A total of 378 samples from bovines with visible lesions consistent with TB were collected at slaughterhouses in three provinces, yielding 265 M. bovis spoligotyped isolates, which were distributed into 35 spoligotypes. In addition, 197 isolates were also typed by the VNTR method and 54 combined VNTR types were detected. There were 24 clusters and 27 orphan types. When both typing methods were combined, 98 spoligotypes and VNTR types were observed with 27 clusters and 71 orphan types. By performing a meta-analysis with previous spoligotyping results, we identified regional and temporal trends in the population structure of M. bovis. For SB0140, the most predominant spoligotype in Argentina, the prevalence percentage remained high during different periods, varying from 25.5-57.8% (1994-2011). By contrast, the second and third most prevalent spoligotypes exhibited important fluctuations. This study shows that there has been an expansion in ancestral lineages as demonstrated by spoligotyping. However, exact tandem repeat typing suggests dynamic changes in the clonal population of this microorganism.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Bacterial Typing Techniques/veterinary , Genotyping Techniques/veterinary , Mycobacterium bovis/genetics , Tuberculosis, Bovine/genetics , Argentina , Bacterial Typing Techniques/methods , Databases, Genetic , Genetic Variation , Genotype , Geography , Genotyping Techniques/trends , Molecular Epidemiology , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction , Minisatellite Repeats/genetics , Mycobacterium bovis/classification , Tuberculosis, Bovine/transmission
3.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 44(1): 3-9, mar. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-639710

ABSTRACT

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have emerged as pathogens frequently associated to HIV co-infection. The aims of this study were to describe the clinical importance of NTM in patients from the North of Buenos Aires Province and the drug-susceptibility patterns in relation with the therapy used. A total of 23,624 clinical specimens were investigated during the period 2004-2010. Ziehl-Neelsen stain and cultures were used for diagnosis. Molecular and biochemical tests were performed to identify the mycobacteria. TB and mycobacterioses cases were 2 118 and 108 respectively. Sixteen NTM species were found: Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare as the main causative agents. Infections produced by more than one species at the same time were confirmed (4 cases). Macrolides and fluoroquinolones were the most active in vitro drugs. Treatment evaluation showed that 68.0 % of the cases completed the therapy, 20 % died; and 12 % were relapses. The cases in which the treatment outcome was evaluated received an individual tailor-made therapeutic scheme including those drugs showing in vitro activity and presumed in vivo usefulness. More than a quarter of the patients had HIV co-infection and the majority of the deaths were associated with this co-infection.


Enfermedad causada por micobacterias no tuberculosas: diagnóstico y evaluación del tratamiento en el norte del Gran Buenos Aires. Las micobacterias no tuberculosas (MNT) emergieron como patógenos frecuentemente asociados a la co-infección con el HIV. EL objetivo del estudio fue describir la importancia clínica de las MNT en pacientes de la región norte de la provincia de Buenos Aires y los patrones de drogo-sensibilidad en relación con la terapia empleada. Se investigó un total de 23.624 especímenes clínicos durante, el período 2004-2010. La tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen y los cultivos se utilizaron para diagnóstico. Las micobacterias fueron identificadas mediante pruebas bioquímicas y moleculares. Los casos de tuberculosis y micobacteriosis fueron 2 118 y 108, respectivamente. Se encontraron 16 especies de MNT, siendo las principales, Mycobacterium avium y Mycobacterium intracellulare. En 4 casos se confirmaron infecciones producidas por más de una especie al mismo tiempo. Los macrólidos y las fluoroquinolonas tuvieron mayor actividad in vitro. La evaluación del tratamiento confirmó que el 68 % de los casos completó la terapia; 20 % murió y el 12 % recayó. Los casos en los que se evaluó el tratamiento recibieron un esquema terapéutico individual incluyendo aquellas drogas que mostraron actividad in vitro. Más de un cuarto de los pacientes tuvieron co-infeccion con el HIV y la mayoría de las muertes estuvieron asociadas con esta co-infección.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/diagnosis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Argentina/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Drug Therapy, Combination , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/drug therapy , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/epidemiology , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology , Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/diagnosis , Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/drug therapy , Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/epidemiology , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/drug effects , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/isolation & purification , Recurrence
4.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 43(4): 294-310, dic. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634707

ABSTRACT

Bacillus anthracis es un bacilo gram positivo del grupo Bacillus cereus, que posee un genoma extremadamente monomórfco y comparte gran similitud fsiológica y de estructura genética con B. cereus y Bacillus thuringiensis. En este artículo se describen nuevos métodos moleculares para la identifcación y tipifcación de B. anthracis, basados en repeticiones en tándem de número variable o en diferencias genéticas detectadas por secuenciación, desarrollados en los últimos años. Los aspectos moleculares de los factores de virulencia tradicionales, cápsula, antígeno protector, factor letal y factor edema se describen en profundidad, junto con factores de virulencia recientemente propuestos, como los sideróforos, petrobactina y bacilibactina, la adhesina de la capa S y la lipoproteína MntA. También se detalla la organización molecular de los megaplásmidos pXO1 y pXO2, incluyendo la isla de patogenicidad de pXO1. El esqueleto genético de estos plásmidos se ha encontrado en otras especies relacionadas, probablemente debido a eventos de transferencia lateral. Finalmente, se presentan los dos receptores celulares del antígeno protector, ANTXR1/TEM8 y ANTXR2/CMG2, esenciales en la interacción del patógeno con el hospedador. Los estudios moleculares realizados en los últimos años han permitido aumentar enormemente el conocimiento de los diferentes aspectos de este microorganismo y su relación con el hospedador, pero a la vez han abierto nuevos interrogantes sobre este notorio patógeno.


Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive rod belonging to the Bacillus cereus group, has an extremely monomorphic genome, and presents high structural and physiological similarity with B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. In this work, the new molecular methods for the identifcation and typing of B. anthracis developed in the last years, based on variable number tandem repeats or on genetic differences detected through sequencing, are described. The molecular aspects of traditional virulence factors: capsule, protective antigen, lethal factor and edema factor are described in depth, together with virulence factors recently proposed, such as the siderophores petrobactin and bacillibactin, the S-layer adhesin and the MntA lipoprotein. It is detailed the molecular organization of megaplasmids pXO1 and pXO2, including the pathogenicity island of pXO1. The genetic skeleton of these plasmids has been observed in related species, and this could be attributed to lateral gene transfer. Finally, the two anthrax toxin protective antigen receptors, ANTXR1/TEM8 and ANTXR2/CMG2, essential for the interaction of the pathogen with the host, are presented. The molecular studies performed in recent years have greatly increased knowledge in different aspects of this microorganism and its relationship with the host, but at the same time they have raised new questions about this noted pathogen.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anthrax/microbiology , Bacillus anthracis/physiology , Anthrax/epidemiology , Anthrax/veterinary , Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Antigens, Bacterial/physiology , Bacterial Toxins , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Base Sequence , Bacillus anthracis/classification , Bacillus anthracis/genetics , Bacillus anthracis/pathogenicity , Bacillus/classification , Bacterial Capsules/physiology , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Genomic Islands/physiology , Minisatellite Repeats , Molecular Sequence Data , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Membrane Proteins/physiology , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Neoplasm Proteins/physiology , Plasmids , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics , Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid , Virulence/genetics , Virulence/physiology , Zoonoses
6.
Braz. j. vet. res. anim. sci ; 46(1): 25-31, 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-536952

ABSTRACT

This study was made in a wildlife preserve from Argentina where a previous tuberculosis report in Felis concolor has been done. The aim was to identify mycobacterial species isolated from the orpharynx of five American lions using bacteriological and molecular biology techniques on cases with nonspecific clinical signals. Samples were collected after sedation. They were treated in order to isolate Mycobacterium. Bacteriological differentiation was made using biochemical tests. Polymerase chain reaction has been performed to detect hsp65, IS6110 and IS1081. Acid fast bacilli were present infour specimens and from them were isolated slowly growing mycobacteria. The strains were differentiated as M. gordonae in two cases and M. simiae, M. scrofulaceum and M. avium/intracellulare in one case each other. The strains were identified as M. gordonae in three cases and M. avium III or M. simiae in two by PRA. The role of feral cats in the epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases remains to be further investigated


Este trabalho foi realizado em uma reserva natural da Argentina com antecedentes de tuberculose em uma suçuarana adulta. O objetivo foi identificar por meio de técnicas bacteriológicas e de biologia molecular as espécies isoladas da orofaringe de cinco suçuaranas que apresentavam sinais clínicos inespecíficos. As amostras foram colhidas das suçuaranas após sedação. Posteriormente foram processadas para obtenção do isolamento e identificação por meio de provas bioquímicas do gênero Mycobacterium pela técnica de PCR. Investigou-se a presença das seqüências de inserção IS6110 e IS1081 e hsp65. Obtiveram-se resultados positivos à coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen de quatro amostras, isolando cinco cepas de crescimento lento. As cepas foram classificadas como M. gordonae em dois casos e M. simiae, Mscrofulaceum e M. avium/intracellulare em um. Por PRA, identificou-se o padrão de M. gordonae em três cepas e M. avium III ou M.simiae em dois


Subject(s)
Animals , Felis , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium/isolation & purification , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
7.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 38(3): 117-118, jul.-sep. 2006.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634521
8.
Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam ; 35(4): 531-540, dic. 2001. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-305656

ABSTRACT

El desarrollo de la tecnología del P.C.R. y RFLP constituyen metodologías adecuadas para la identificación y tipificación del Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mtpbc), microorganismo que produce paratuberculosis animal y que está relacionado a la Enfermedad de Crohn en humanos. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1) Aislar cepas de Mptbc a partir de materia fecal y órganos e identificar M. paratuberculosis. 2) Establecer mediante R.F.L.P. el patrón genético de las cepas aisladas. 3) Analizar las proteínas celulares y extracelulares expresadas en Mptbc. Se cultivó materia fecal y órganos de ciervos en los medios Herrold yema-huevo, con y sin el agregado de mycobactina, adicionando piruvato y antibióticos, para el aislamiento de Mptbc. Las cepas aisladas fueron identificadas por P.C.R., y analizadas por R.F.L.P., e Inmunoblotting (IB). Se aislaron 12 cepas de Mptbc, 6 de materia fecal y 6 a partir de los órganos. Las cepas aisladas se desarrollaron únicamente en el medio Herrold con mycobactina evidenciando su dependencia característica. El análisis por P.C.R. realizado a partir de cepas desarrolladas en el medio de cultivo resultó positivo. Los aislamientos revelaron idéntico patrón genético de R.F.L.P. del tipo "A", con la sonda de 217 pares de bases (endonucleasa BstE II y Pst I). Con el inmunoblotting se detectaron antígenos proteicos de 65 KDa (shock térmico), 42 KDa, 35 KDa y 28 KDa, correspondientes a Mptbc de un animal con sintomatología clínica y lesiones histológicas características en órganos. Se identificó un único patrón genético "A", en la población estudiada; se amplificó la secuencia IS900 específica de Mptbc. y se identificaron las proteínas excretadas y contenidas en el soma bacteriano, pero para aumentar la sensibilidad de las pruebas inmunológicas se considera necesario caracterizar mejor los antígenos específicos de Mptbc


Subject(s)
Animals , Deer , In Vitro Techniques , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis , Bacterial Proteins , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Food Contamination , Milk , Mycobacterium avium , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
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